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Certified Public Accountants (CPAs): Are accountants in the United States who have passed the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and have met additional state education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA. In Canada, public accountants are known as Chartered Accountants.  Only CPAs who are licensed are able to provide to the public, attestation (including auditing) opinions on financial statements.

Controversy: Federal, state and local income and employment delinquent tax collection and audit investigations. Disputed income, employment and penalty assessments appeals.   Quite simply, all cases where the taxpayer disagrees with the opinions or conclusions of the taxing agency.

Corporation: is a legal person which, while being composed of natural persons, exists completely separately from them. This separation gives the corporation unique powers which other legal entities lack. The extent and scope of its status and capacity is determined by the law of the place of incorporation.

Corporate Officer or Corporate Executive: Is a manager or other similarly high-ranking officer in a corporation. Lower-ranking positions are usually not considered to be corporate officers.

Corporate officer positions include:

• Executive Chairperson

• Chief Communications Officer or CCO

• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

• Chief Financial Officer (CFO)

• Chief Operating Officer (COO)

• Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) and/or chief analytics officer (CAO)

• Chief Technical Officer (CTO), Chief Technology Officer or Technical Director

• Chief Risk Officer (CRO)

• Chief Information Officer (CIO) and Fractional CIO

• Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)

• Chief Networking Officer (CNO)

• Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)

• Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)

• Chief Data Officer (CDO)

• Chief Communications Officer (CCO)

• Chief Process Officer (CPO)

• Chief Security Officer (CSO)

• President

• Vice President

• Director-General

• Managing Director

• Executive Director

• Treasurer/Comptroller

The members of the board of directors, including the chairman of the board, depending on context, are sometimes considered to be and sometimes considered not to be corporate officers. The exact relationship between corporate executives varies from firm to firm, with different firms having quite diverse hierarchical organizations. Often, the relationships between positions are quite complicated; some firms may omit certain positions, place multiple executives in single position, or place single executives in multiple positions. For instance, a firm could have multiple vice-presidents, one of whom is also the CFO. In one firm, the CEO could also be the President, while in another, the CEO appoints someone else to be the President.

Criminal Litigation Support Services: Services are defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants as any professional assistance given to lawyers by non-lawyers during the litigation process. Two related concepts that have a significant impact on litigation services are: the attorney work-product privilege, and discovery rules. Litigation consultants must determine whether they are to perform in the capacity of a consultant or expert witness. Prior to providing litigation consulting, CPAs should assess their expertise for its relevance to a case; determine the competence of the attorney; and evaluate a case for any conflicts of interest. The areas of the litigation process where consulting services can be provided include pre-trial investigation, discovery, and analysis.

Currently Not Collectible (CNC): Means that a taxpayer has no ability to pay his or her tax debts. The IRS can declare a taxpayer "currently not collectible," after the IRS receives evidence that a taxpayer has no ability to pay. Such evidence is usually obtained from the taxpayer on IRS Form 433-F, Collection Information Statement. A taxpayer can request "currently not collectible" status by submitting Form 433-F to an IRS Revenue Officer or the IRS Automated Collection System unit.

Once the IRS declares a taxpayer currently not collectible, the IRS must stop all collection activities, including levies and garnishments. The IRS must send an annual statement to the taxpayer stating the amount of tax still owed. This annual statement is not a bill.

While in not collectible status, the 10-year statute of limitations on tax debt collection is still running. If the IRS cannot collect the tax within the 10-year statutory period, then the tax debts will expire.

Dependent: A person who relies on someone else for financial support. Sound like a mooch? Not really. Think about it- most "young adults" (under 21 years old) are supported by their parents. Is this you? If it is, your parents can claim an exemption for you-their adorable dependent-if dependency tests are met.